![]() There is also an increased risk of mortality associated with hip surgery, with the mean average mortality rate for Europe being 23.3%, for Asia 17.9%, United States 21% and Australia 24.9%. ![]() Hip fracture, in particular, usually requires prompt surgery, as serious risks are associated with it, such as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. įractures of the long bones acutely impair mobility and may require surgery. Multiple vertebral fractures lead to a stooped posture, loss of height, and chronic pain with resultant reduction in mobility. The symptoms of a vertebral collapse (" compression fracture") are sudden back pain, often with radicular pain (shooting pain due to nerve root compression) and rarely with spinal cord compression or cauda equina syndrome. The most common osteoporotic fractures are of the wrist, spine, shoulder and hip. These fractures may also be asymptomatic. Acute and chronic pain in the elderly is often attributed to fractures from osteoporosis and can lead to further disability and early mortality. Fractures įractures are a common symptom of osteoporosis and can result in disability. Examples of situations where people would not normally break a bone include a fall from standing height, normal day-to-day activities such as lifting, bending, or coughing. Typical fragility fractures occur in the vertebral column, rib, hip and wrist. Osteoporotic fractures occur in situations where healthy people would not normally break a bone they are therefore regarded as fragility fractures. Osteoporosis has no symptoms and the person usually does not know that they have osteoporosis until a bone is broken. Illustration depicting normal standing posture and osteoporosis The word "osteoporosis" is from the Greek terms for "porous bones". White and Asian people are at greater risk. In the United States in 2010, about 8 million women and between 1 and 2 million men had osteoporosis. About 22 million women and 5.5 million men in the European Union had osteoporosis in 2010. Rates of disease in the developing world are unclear. In the developed world, depending on the method of diagnosis, 2% to 8% of males and 9% to 38% of females are affected. About 15% of Caucasians in their 50s and 70% of those over 80 are affected. ![]() Osteoporosis becomes more common with age. They do not appear to affect the risk of death. In those with osteoporosis but no previous broken bones, they are less effective. Bisphosphonate medications are useful to decrease future broken bones in those with previous broken bones due to osteoporosis. Lifestyle changes such as stopping smoking and not drinking alcohol may help. Efforts to prevent broken bones in those with osteoporosis include a good diet, exercise, and fall prevention. Prevention of osteoporosis includes a proper diet during childhood, hormone replacement therapy for menopausal women, and efforts to avoid medications that increase the rate of bone loss. This is typically measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA or DEXA). Osteoporosis is defined as a bone density of 2.5 standard deviations below that of a young adult. Smoking, and too little exercise are also risk factors. Certain medications increase the rate of bone loss, including some antiseizure medications, chemotherapy, proton pump inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and glucocorticosteroids. Osteoporosis may also occur due to a number of diseases or treatments, including alcoholism, anorexia, hyperthyroidism, kidney disease, and surgical removal of the ovaries. Bone loss increases after the menopause due to lower levels of estrogen, and after ' andropause' due to lower levels of testosterone. Osteoporosis may be due to lower-than-normal maximum bone mass and greater-than-normal bone loss. After the broken bone heals, the person may have chronic pain and a decreased ability to carry out normal activities. Bones may weaken to such a degree that a break may occur with minor stress or spontaneously. Until a broken bone occurs there are typically no symptoms. Bones that commonly break include the vertebrae in the spine, the bones of the forearm, and the hip. It is the most common reason for a broken bone among the elderly. Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low bone mass, micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to bone fragility, and consequent increase in fracture risk. Good diet, exercise, fall prevention, stopping smoking ġ5% (50 year olds), 70% (over 80 year olds) / ˌ ɒ s t i oʊ p ə ˈ r oʊ s ɪ s/ Īlcoholism, anorexia, European or Asian ethnicity, hyperthyroidism, gastrointestinal diseases, surgical removal of the ovaries, kidney disease, smoking, certain medications.
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